Firmwalker

Theory

Firmwalker is an automated tool designed to aid in the analysis of extracted Linux-based firmware file systems. It quickly identifies critical information such as password files, SSH keys, and configuration files, making it a useful tool for pentesters and security researchers focusing on embedded devices and IoT security.

Key Features

• Automated Scanning

  • Firmwalker parses through the entire extracted file system, looking for key files related to security, such as credentials, configuration files, and certificates.

• Focused Output

  • It categorizes findings such as passwords, SSH keys, web server information, and more, making it easy to focus on potential vulnerabilities.

• File System Search

  • Specifically designed for Linux-based firmware.

• Text File Parsing

  • Extracts useful information from plaintext configuration files and scripts.

Cheat Sheet

# Clone the Firmwalker repository
git clone https://github.com/craigz28/firmwalker

# Navigate to the Firmwalker directory
cd firmwalker

# Run Firmwalker on an extracted firmware file system
./firmwalker /path/to/extracted/filesystem

Installation

To use Firmwalker, you’ll need to clone the repository and run the script on a pre-extracted file system from a firmware image. Here’s how to get started:

1. Clone the repository:

   git clone https://github.com/craigz28/firmwalker

2. Navigate to the firmwalker directory:

   cd firmwalker

3. Ensure you have bash installed, as Firmwalker is a bash script.

Usage

To run Firmwalker, the firmware image must first be extracted (you can use a tool like Binwalk for this). Once extracted, you can point Firmwalker to the root of the file system:

./firmwalker <path_to_extracted_firmware>

Firmwalker will then parse the file system and output a categorized report of its findings.

What Firmwalker Looks For

Firmwalker automatically searches for the following types of files and data in the extracted file system:

• Password Files: Looks for files such as passwd, shadow, and login.defs.

• SSH Keys: Searches for private keys (id_rsa), known hosts, and other SSH configuration files.

• Configuration Files: Identifies configuration files that may contain sensitive data, such as config, .conf, and .ini files.

• Web Server Info: Looks for web server files such as nginx or httpd configuration files, and web root directories.

• SSL Certificates: Finds SSL certificates and related private keys.

• Scripts: Parses through shell scripts or other automation scripts that might reveal hardcoded credentials or system configurations.

• Miscellaneous: Searches for any .sql files (databases), crontab files (schedules), and more.

Example Command

Once the firmware has been extracted, run the following command to analyze the file system:

./firmwalker /path/to/extracted/filesystem

The output will be a structured list of findings, highlighting the critical files and directories of interest.

Example Output

Firmwalker provides a categorized output similar to:

--- Password Files ---
/etc/passwd
/etc/shadow

--- SSH Keys ---
/root/.ssh/id_rsa

--- Configuration Files ---
/etc/nginx/nginx.conf

Additional Notes

• Firmwalker works on an extracted file system, meaning you’ll need to extract the firmware first before running the tool.

• The findings give a quick overview of critical files to investigate further, making it ideal for initial reconnaissance of firmware images.

Resources

https://github.com/craigz28/firmwalker